| VOL. 26, NO. 2 | April, 2000 |
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ABOUT ISGIDAR: |
ABOUT ISGIDAR NEWSLETTER: |
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| James P. Zacny, Ph.D. Dept. of Anesthesia & Critical Care MC4028 The University of Chicago 5841 S. Maryland Avenue Chicago, IL 60637 tel: (773) 702-9920 email: zacn@airway2.uchicago.edu |
John R. Glowa, Ph.D. Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics LSU Medical Center 1501 Kings Highway Shreveport, LA 71132 tel: (318) 675-4803 email: jglowa@lsumc.edu |
ISGIDAR e-mail address: ISGIDAR@venus.vcu.edu
| TRAVEL AWARD |
| 1999 ISGIDAR ANNUAL MEETING: Acapulco, MX |
| RECENT PUBLICATIONS FROM OUR MEMBERS |
| POSITIONS AVAILABLE |
| ISGIDAR NOMINATION BALLOT |
The 2000 annual ISGIDAR Scientific Meeting will be held Saturday 17 June 1999 at the Caribe Hilton in San Juan, Puerto Rico. As usual, the meeting will be held as a satellite session immediately preceding the annual scientific meeting of the College on Problems of Drug Dependence. ISGIDAR registration will begin at 8:30 am. The registration fee is $50. Paper presentations will be scheduled between 9 am and 5 pm, and the business meeting will be held from 5 to 5:30 pm.
To present a paper at the ISGIDAR meeting, please send an abstract by May 7, 2000 to Jim Zacny at the address listed above. Abstracts should conform to the format used for presentations at CPDD. Please note that papers submitted to ISGIDAR should not also be presented at CPDD. The amount of time available for each talk will depend on the number of papers submitted but will not be less than 20 minutes.
We are pleased to announce that Dr. Ian Stolerman, currently Professor at the Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, will be an invited speaker. Our mid-afternoon symposium is tentatively titled "Non-Traditional Models of Drug Reinforcement" and will include Conan Kornetsky, Tony Riley, Michael Bardo, and Roland Griffiths as speakers and Linda Dykstra as Discussant.
We are arranging to have lunch catered by the hotel. The lunch should cost about $12-15 per person. Because in past years we have had difficulty estimating the number of people wanting lunch, which has resulted in some cases in large drains in the ISGIDAR treasury (we have to pay for unused lunch tickets) and in other cases in pleading and begging with hotel staff (last year I [Jim] sold more tickets than we had lunches!!!), we are asking that those wishing to join us for the ISGIDAR lunch indicate in advance, preferably by email (but you can use snail mail or fax if need be), to Jim Zacny at the address below. Please let the various members of your lab who will be attending ISGIDAR, but who might not receive the Newsletter, know about lunch. While there will be a limited number of seats available for those failing to indicate in advance their desire for lunch, these will be strictly limited and will be available on a first-come first-serve basis.
Membership Ballot at the end of this Newsletter
ISGIDAR will again sponsor a Student Paper Competition Award for a new investigator to present a paper on drug self-administration research. Up to $500 in reasonable and documented travel costs will be paid to the winner to present a paper at ISGIDAR. Payment will be made upon submission of travel receipts to the ISGIDAR Treasurer. Those who do not receive the award, but who receive good reviews will be encouraged to present their papers at the ISGIDAR meeting (for eligibility, see next page).
Student Travel Award - ELIGIBILITY:
MANUSCRIPT REQUIREMENTS:
REVIEW: Each manuscript will be independently reviewed by the ISGIDAR officers for originality, scientific contribution, methodology and clarity. Blind review is possible upon request. Reviewers will not participate in the review of papers from their own institution.
SUBMIT MANUSCRIPTS TO: James P. Zacny, Ph.D., DACC MC4028, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637 by May 7, 2000.
8:30: registration
8:45: coffee and rolls
9:00: INVITED SPEAKER: Perspectives on the reinforcing functions of drugs. J.V. Brady, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, USA
9:30: Methodological examination of alprazolam reinforcement in anxious patients. J.D. Roache, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, USA
9:55: Conditioned effects of environmental stimuli paired with smoked cocaine in humans. R.W. Foltin and M. Haney, New York State Psychiatric Institute and College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, USA
10:20: Intravenous drug self-administration in drug-and experimentally-naïve mice. A.Y. Bespalov, A.V. Kuzmin, S.G. Semenova, N.A. Patkina and E.E. Zvartau, Institute of Pharmacology, Pavlov Medical University, Russia
10:45: Individual differences in the acquisition of iv cocaine self-administration under extended access conditions in rats: effects of dose and relationship to feeding, drinking and home-cage locomotor behaviors. J.R. Mantsch, A. Ho, S.D. Schlussman and M.J. Kreek, The Rockefeller University, USA
11:10: STUDENT TRAVEL AWARD WINNER: The effects of the nitric oxide inhibitor 7-nitroindazole on behaviors related to cocaine abuse. S. Collins, Boston University, USA
11:35: 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "Ecstasy") is a robust reinforcer in rats. Gerald Zernig, Elizabeth Ratzenboeck and Alois Saria, University of Innsbruck, Austria
12:00: LUNCH
1:00: The reinforcing effects of ethanol across the menstrual cycle in woman. Louis Holdstock, University of Chicago, USA
1:25: Nonindependent concurrent ratio schedules: number of responses per drug delivery as a dependent variable. R.A. Meisch and R. Spiga, University of Texas at Houston, USA
1:50: Preference procedures in human drug self-administration research: problems and potential solutions. Diana J. Walker and James P. Zacny, The University of Chicago, USA
2:15: Propensity to self-administer cocaine in mice expressing reduced levels of dopamine transporter. B. Rocha, X. Zhuang and R. Hen, IRP/ARC, USA
2:40: Effects of dopamine D1-like and D2-like agonists on cocaine self-administration in rhesus monkeys: rapid assessment of cocaine dose-effect functions. S. Barak Caine, S. Steven Negus and Nancy K. Mello, Harvard Medical School, USA
3:05: BREAK
3:20: SYMPOSIUM: "Behavioral Selectivity in the Evaluation of Candidate Drug Abuse Medications". Chairs: J. Bergman and P. Beardsley
3:25:: A practical perspective on the need for specificity measures: the NIDA MDD experience. D.J. McCann, NIH, NIDA, Medications Development Division, USA
3:40: Preclinical assessment of the efficacy and safety of drug abuse treatments. S. Negus, Harvard Medical School, USA
4:00: Saccharin self-administration as a control for specificity of treatment effects on cocaine self-administration in rats. S. Schenk, Texas A & M University, USA
4:20: What’s so bad about some behavioral disruption and modest abuse liability in pharmacotherapy: M.A. Nader, The Wake Forest University School of Medicine, USA
4:40: Comparisons of the effects of GBR12909 and phentermine on responding maintained by food and cocaine. J.R. Glowa, M. Lesage and D. Stafford, LSU Medical Center, USA
5:00: Comment. J. Katz, NIDA, IRP, ARC, USA & AUDIENCE DISCUSSION
5:30: business meeting
William L. Woolverton, Ph.D.
Woolverton, W.L. and Alling, K.: Choice under concurrent VI schedules: Comparison of behavior maintained by cocaine or food. Psychopharmacology 141: 47-56, 1999.
Woolverton, W.L., Rowlett, J.K., Winger, G., Woods, J.H., Gerak, L.R. and France, C.P.: Evaluation of the reinforcing and discriminative stimulus effects of gamma-hydroxybutyrate in rhesus monkeys. Drug Alc. Dep. 54: 137-143, 1999.
Wilcox, K.M., Paul, I.A. and Woolverton, W.L.: Comparison between dopamine transporter affinity and self-administration potency of local anesthetics in rhesus monkeys. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 367: 175-181, 1999.
Rowlett, J.K., Wilcox, K.M. and Woolverton, W.L.: Discriminative stimulus effects of ethyl-ß-carboline-3-carboxylate (ß-CCE) at two training doses in rats. Psychopharmacology 145: 324-332, 1999.
Rowlett, J.K., Winger, G., Carter, R.B., Wood, P.L., Woods, J.H. and Woolverton, W.L.: Reinforcing and discriminative stimulus effects of the neuroactive steroids pregnanolone and Co 8-7071 in rhesus monkeys. Psychopharmacology 145:205-212, 1999.
Woolverton, W.L., Rowlett, J.K., Wilcox, K.M., Paul, I.A., Kline, R.H., Newman, A.H. and Katz, J.L.: 3'- and 4'-chloro-substituted analogs of benztropine: intravenous self-administration and in vitro radioligand binding studies in rhesus monkeys. Psychopharmacology 147: 426-435, 2000.
Anderson, K.G. and Woolverton, W.L. Concurrent variable-interval drug self-administration and the generalized matching law: A drug class comparison. Behav. Pharmacol., in press.
Wilcox, K.M., Rowlett, J.K., Paul, I.A., Ordway, G.A. and Woolverton, W.L.: On the relationship between the dopamine transporter and the reinforcing effects of local anesthetics in rhesus monkeys: Practical and theoretical concerns. Psychopharmacology, in press.
For Reprints, call/send to:
William L. Woolverton, Ph.D.
Professor and Associate Chairman for Research Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior University of Mississippi Medical Center Jackson, MS 39216 tel: 601-984-5896 email: WWoolverton@psychiatry.umsmed.edu
The Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics at the Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center in Shreveport invites applications for a 12-month, tenure-track faculty position as an Assistant/ Associate Professor in Pharmacology. The Health Sciences Center in Shreveport is the largest medical facility in the Tri-State area and places a high priority on professional training, with a tradition of excellence in medical and graduate student education, research and service. The Department is recruiting qualified faculty members with expertise in any of the following areas: cell/molecular pharmacology or toxicology, neuropharmacology, neurotoxicology, cell/molecular neurobiology, or cell/molecular biology of signal transduction. The Department also maintains a NIH-funded Training Program for graduate and post graduate training in alcohol and drug abuse research. The successful candidate must have a Ph.D. or equivalent degree in pharmacology or related discipline with demonstrated research abilities and/or externally funded research in one or more of the above areas. As a faculty member, he/she will be involved in graduate and medical student teaching and will be expected to develop an independent and collaborative research program. Excellent facilities exist within the LSU Hospital and Medical School and the adjacent Biomedical Research Institute. The position is available immediately, and the review of applications will begin on April 30, 2000. Louisiana State University is an Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer. Women and minorities are encouraged to apply. Candidates should submit by mail a letter of application, curriculum vitae, a detailed description of research abilities and plans, and three letters of references to:
Nick E. Goeders, Ph.D., Chair
Pharmacology Search Committee
Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics
LSU Health Sciences Center
P.O. Box 33932
1501 Kings Highway
Shreveport, LA 71130-3932
Telephone: 318-675-7852
FAX: 318-675-7857:
e-mail: ngoede@lsumc.edu
A Staff Scientist position is available in the Medications Discovery Research Branch of the Intramural Research Program (Addiction Research Center) at the National Institute on Drug Abuse. Research focuses on the behavioral and neurochemical effects of drugs of abuse and, particularly, the pharmacological mechanisms that underlie the behavioral effects of abused drugs. Current emphasis is on the behavioral effects of cocaine, methamphetamine and related stimulants. Behavioral studies examine psychomotor stimulant actions, discriminative stimulus effects, and reinforcing effects. Neurochemical studies include receptor binding, functional assays of neurotransmitter uptake, and regulation of second messenger function. Applicants should have a strong interest in pharmacology and behavioral science, with expertise using in vivo microdialysis. Applicants will be expected to collaborate within an interdisciplinary group of pharmacologists, behavioral psychologists and medicinal chemists. Pay is commensurate with experience. Interested individuals should send curriculum vitae to: Jonathan L. Katz, Chief, Medications Discovery Research Branch, NIDA Intramural Research Program, P.O. Box 5180, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA. Telephone: 410/550-1533. E-Mail: jkatz@intra.nida.nih.gov
Postdoctoral research positions are available in laboratory animal behavioral pharmacology. Ongoing studies utilize mice, rats, and rhesus monkeys in locomotor activity, drug discrimination, self-administration, and other operant and respondent procedures to study drug effects on behaviors associated with drug abuse, learning and memory, anxiety and other psychiatric diseases. Current emphases are on studies involving the effects of drugs on drug self-administration and the pharmacology of inhalants.
Send vita, letter of interest, and names and telephone numbers of references to: John R. Glowa, Ph.D., Professor, DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS, LSU H: EALTH SCIENCES CENTER SHREVEPORT, 1501 King Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130 (318) 675-4803 E-mail jglowa@lsumc.edu.
Postdoctoral research positions are available in preclinical behavioral pharmacology. Positions are possible utilizing a wide range of behavioral pharmacological approaches to the study of the behavioral and/or neurochemical mechanisms mediating the activity of drugs of abuse. Ongoing studies utilize mice, rats, and rhesus monkeys in locomotor activity, discrimination, self-administration, and other operant and respondent procedures involving systemic and central drug administration. Of particular emphasis are studies involving the:
Many opportunities exist for collaborating with other researchers in the department who have major research foci upon the stimulants and hallucinogens, cannabinoids, nicotine, and the opiates. Send vita, letter of interest, and names and telephone numbers of 2 references to: Patrick M. Beardsley, Ph.D. or Robert L. Balster, Ph.D.; Medical College of Virginia, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, P.O. Box 980613, Richmond, VA 23298-0613. (804) 828-5185 (email: pbeardsl@hsc.vcu.edu or balster@hsc.vcu.edu).
A post-doctoral position is available for a researcher with experience using rat and/or mouse models of drug self-administration. Ongoing studies utilize a variety of molecular, biochemical, physiological and behavioral techniques to investigate factors underlying drug addiction and to characterize alterations associated with drug abuse using rodent, including transgenic mouse, models. Studies investigating the effects of drug self-administration on gene expression, including approaches utilizing the latest advances in microarray technology are emphasized.
Send vita, letter of interest, and references to: Mary Jeanne Kreek, M.D., Professor and Head, or John R. Mantsch, Ph.D., The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, Box 171, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave., New York, NY 10021. JRM e-mail: mantscj@rockvax.rockefeller.edu.
POSTDOCTORAL POSITiON is available in the Medications Discovery Research Branch of the Intramural Research Program at the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Addiction Research Center. Research focuses on the behavioral and neurochemical effects of drugs of abuse and particularly, the pharmacological mechanisms that underlie the behavioral effects of abused drugs. Current emphasis is on the behavioral effects of cocaine and related stimulants. Behavioral studies examine psychomotor stimulant actions, discriminative stimulus effects, and reinforcing effects. Neurochemical studies include receptor binding, functional assays of neurotransmitter uptake, regulation of second messenger function, and in vivo microdialysis. Applicants should have a strong interest in pharmacology and behavioral science and received a Ph.D. degree within the last five years. Interested individuals should send curriculum vitae to: Jonathan L. Katz, Psychobiology Section, NIDA Addiction Research Center, P.O. Box 5180, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA. Telephone: 410/550-1533. E-Mail: jkatz@intra.nida.nih.gov
TWO POST-DOCTORAL RESEARCH FELLOWSHIPS IN CONTINGENCY MANAGEMENT RESEARCH: These are two-year appointments, commencing no earlier than May 1, 2000, with the Friends Research Institute, Inc./Los Angeles Addiction Treatment Research Consortium, and are funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse. The overall purpose is to train practitioners to use contingency management strategies to treat substance abuse disorders. Studies will focus on using Contingent Fee Rebates and a Community-Sponsored Voucher Program to elucidate the most practical and effective reinforcement schedules and the optimal target behaviors to reinforce for individuals receiving treatment in community-based drug treatment programs. Each fellow will also be given a small clinical caseload in their area of interest. Applicants will be considered who have completed an APA-accredited doctoral and internship program in Clinical or Counseling Psychology by the start date, are license-eligible in California, and demonstrate strong potential for a career in clinical research. Applicants with Ph.D. degrees in Experimental Psychology and substantial clinical experience are also encouraged to apply. Applications will be reviewed until the positions are filled. Applicants should submit a cover letter indicating areas of interest, a vita, and three letters of recommendation to: Leslie Amass, Ph.D., Friends Research Institute, Inc./Los Angeles Addiction Treatment Research Consortium, 11075 Santa Monica Blvd., Suite 225, Los Angeles, CA 90025 USA.
Predoctoral and Postdoctoral Training Opportunities in Stress and the Neurobiology of Drug and Alcohol Dependence
Predoctoral and postdoctoral fellowships supported by an NIH Training Program funded through the National Institute on Drug Abuse are currently available for outstanding candidates. The Ph.D. degree for predoctoral candidates will be offered through the Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, and candidates must meet all requirements for admission into the Department. Postdoctoral candidates should have a Ph.D. in Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Psychology or a related discipline with relevant laboratory experience. The research areas of Program Faculty are briefly described below, and further details can be found at http://gradsch.shreveport.lsumc.edu/Gradsch/Pharm/Faculty.html.
John R. Glowa The effects of drugs and toxicants on integrated behavioral functioning.
Nick E. Goeders Behavioral neurobiology of drug reinforcement.
Nancy J. Leidenheimer Regulation of ligand-gated ion channel function by protein phosphorylation
Kenneth E. McMartin Alcohol and intracellular vitamin transport; toxic alcohol metabolism
James M. O'Donnell Pharmacology of the beta adrenergic receptor and signal transduction system.
Jeffrey D. Steketee: Mechanisms involved in development of sensitization to cocaine.
Minority candidates are strongly encouraged to apply. Only US citizens and permanent residents are eligible for these positions. Applicants should send a curriculum vitae, a description of research interests identifying a potential advisor(s), the names of three references, and in the case of predoctoral applicants, a copy of their academic transcripts to: Dr. Nick E. Goeders, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932.E-mail: ngoede@lsumc.edu
Postdoctoral human research fellowships in a stimulating and productive environment with excellent resources. Prepares for career as independent investigator. HUMAN LABORATORY STUDIES -- behavioral and clinical pharmacology of abused drugs (abuse liability testing, drug discrimination, drug self-administration, physical dependence) and anti-drug-abuse medications development. Opioids, cocaine, anxiolytics, caffeine, nicotine. CLINICAL TRIALS OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENTS -- controlled evaluations of pharmacotherapies and behavior therapies (esp. incentive-based therapies), and their interactions. Opioid, cocaine, nicotine, mixed/other dependence. Start Date: Flexible; some immediately. Eligibility: U.S. citizens or permanent residents. Minorities encouraged. Appropriate for experimental, physiol, biopsych, neuroscience, clinical. Stipends: USPHS/NIH stipend levels $26-41K. Contact George E. Bigelow, Ph.D., Roland Griffiths, Ph.D. or Maxine L. Stitzer, Ph.D.; BPRU, Behavioral Biology Research Center;. 5510 Nathan Shock Drive; Johns Hopkins Bayview Campus; Baltimore, Maryland 21224-6823. (410) 550-0035; bigelow@jhmi.edu
Laboratory Technician Position:
Laboratory technicians are needed in behavioral pharmacology at the Medical College of Virginia. The responsibilities entail setting up menu-driven computer-controlled equipment prior to testing, preparing drug solutions for injection, handling, weighing, injecting, and feeding of mouse and rat subjects, and maintaining the orderliness of the laboratory. Also required is the careful recording of data and the input of data into spreadsheets and other computer programs. The individual would occasionally be required to use statistical software to analyze data and graphical software to generate graphs and figures for scientific reports. Occasional library and internet literature searches and input of references into bibliographic databases would be requested. These positions offer excellent learning possibilities for those anticipating subsequent application to graduate school.
Qualifications desired or preferred of applicant:
Bachelor's or Master’s degree in a life or behavioral science is required (e.g., biology, psychology, zoology, etc.). Applicants must also have had some animal handling experience (e.g., laboratory animals, pets, or veterinary clinic animals). Experience with either Macintosh or PC-based software (e.g., word processors, spreadsheets, statistical software, or graphical software) is required. Send resume, letter of interest, and names and telephone numbers of at least two references to: Patrick M. Beardsley, Ph.D.; Medical College of Virginia, Department of Pharmacology, P.O. Box 980613, Richmond, VA 23298-0613. (804) 828-5185 or email: pbeardsl@hsc.vcu.edu.
A research technician position to conduct animal studies of the effects of drugs on behavior. Experience in behavioral analysis, behavioral pharmacology, small animal surgery, and computer programming is preferred. The applicant will work with primates, rats or mice. Salary is commensurate with experience. A bachelors degree is required.
Send vita, letter of interest, and names and telephone numbers of references to: John R. Glowa, Ph.D., Professor, DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS, LSU HEALTH SCIENCES CENTER SHREVEPORT, 1501 King Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130 (318) 675-4803 E-mail jglowa@lsumc.edu.
Dear ISGIDAR member:
On the following page are the names of five people have been nominated for membership into ISGIDAR. Please check off either "YES" or "NO" for each potential member. If you do not vote for a person, but submit a ballot, I will have to count your "non-vote" as a no vote, since, according to the bylaws, "election to membership will be by a yes vote of 90% of those voting."
I have asked the nominator of each person to include a short statement regarding the attributes of the nominee that will hopefully assist you if you are unfamiliar with the nominee. This ballot must be mailed back to me by June 5, 2000. Thanks for participating in this process; the results will be announced at the ISGIDAR business meeting.
James P. Zacny
President, ISGIDAR
Approve for ISGIDAR membership:
1. Nominee: Ian Stolerman:____ ____
YES NO
Nominator: James Zacny, Ph.D., University of Chicago. Ian Stolerman received his Ph.D. degree from University College London in 1969, at which time he was working on the oral self-administration of morphine. Subsequently he worked predominantly on the behavioural analysis of drug dependence using drug discrimination and conditioned taste aversion methods, extended recently to studies of the intravenous self-administration of nicotine. He is presently Professor of Behavioural Pharmacology at the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London.
2. Nominee: Jennifer Newman:____ ____
YES NO
Nominator: Patrick Beardsley, Ph.D., Medical College of Virginia. Statement for Ms. Newman: Ms. Newman is a Ph.D. student in the Department of Psychology and her mentor is Dr. Beardsley. She is working on the determinants of reinstatement of heroin self-administration in rats. This year will be her first attendance at ISGIDAR and she is planning on submitting an abstract for this year's meeting.
3. Nominee: Timothy Shahan, Ph.D.: ____ ____
YES NO
Nominator: Suzanne Mitchell, Ph.D., University of New Hampshire. Dr. Shahan earned his Ph.D. at West Virginia University in 1998 and did a postdoctoral fellowship with Warren Bickel at the University of Vermont. Currently he is a Research Scientist at UNH in the Department of Psychology and colleague of Dr. Mitchell. He is interested in the role of economic factors in drug use, especially cigarette smoking. In addition he is currently applying the use of observing responses to assess the conditioned reinforcing effects of alcohol.
4. Nominee: Amy Odum, Ph.D.: ____ ____
YES NO
Nominator: Suzanne Mitchell, Ph.D., University of New Hampshire. Dr. Odum earned her Ph.D. at West Virginia University in 1998 and did a postdoctoral fellowship with Warren Bickel at the University of Vermont. Currently she is an Assistant Professor at UNH in the Department of Psychology and a colleague of Dr. Mitchell. Dr. Odum's current research uses pigeons and rats to examine the impact of food deprivation on the acute effects of drugs, including cocaine, amphetamine and heroin. She has also recently become interested in the role of discriminative stimulus effects in reinstatement.
5. Nominee: Ted Baird, Ph.D.: ____ ____
YES NO
Nominator: Gail Winger, Ph.D., University of Michigan. Dr. Baird received his Ph.D. in biological psychology in 1998 from the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center. Currently he is a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Michigan under the mentorship of Dr. Winger and is evaluating natural and synthetic cocaine-metabolizing enzymes with respect to their capacity to block the reinforcing properties of cocaine and cocaine analogs. As well, Dr. Baird is conducting research on the influence of behavioral and pharmacological histories on tolerance and sensitization to CNS stimulant self-administration.